feat(python): Migrate to python 3.12

.gitlab-ci.yml

+default:
+  image: python:3.12-bookworm
+  before_script:
+   - pip install pipenv
+   - pipenv install
+
 stages:
   - build
   - test
   - typecheck
 
 codestyle:
-  image: python:3.11-bookworm
   stage: build
   script:
-    - pip install pipenv
-    - pipenv install
     - pipenv run codestyle
 
 tests:
-  image: python:3.11-bookworm
   stage: test
   script:
-    - pip install pipenv
-    - pipenv install
     - pipenv run tests
 
 typecheck:
-  image: python:3.11-bullseye
   stage: test
   script:
-    - pip install pipenv
-    - pipenv install
     - pipenv run typecheck